The Diyala Journal for Human Research is a peer-reviewed academic journal specializing in the fields of humanities. Established in 1997, the journal was launched in response to the growing need within the academic community for scholarly writing, research, and documentation. It aims to foster and disseminate innovative thought that serves researchers, specialists, and students alike. To date, the journal has published 102 issues and holds the following identifiers: eISSN: 2957-5699 Print ISSN: 2957-3807 When ideas, aspirations, and academic visions are transformed into tangible projects, they become a source of pride, responsibility, and commitment—especially in the realm of scientific research. In line with this vision, the journal was founded as part of the College of Education – Diyala, then affiliated with Al-Mustansiriyah University. Its founding editor-in-chief, Dr. Saad Mahmoud Shakir Al-Mashhadani, who also served as the college dean at the time, played a key role in shaping its early direction. The journal began by publishing both scientific and humanistic research, and notably documented the college’s first scientific conference in 1998, under its initial name: Diyala Journal for Scientific and Educational Research. A distinguished group of faculty members formed its editorial boards, publishing issues that bridged both scientific and human disciplines. In 2008, following the division of the College of Education into two separate branches (Al-Asma’i and Al-Razi), the journal adopted its current name to reflect a more focused direction: Diyala Journal for Human Research. Published by the College of Education for Human Sciences, the journal now concentrates on linguistic, educational, and humanistic studies, organized into six academic departments to ensure clarity of scope and academic rigor. The journal is currently led by Prof. Dr. Naseef Jasim Mohammed Al-Khafaji, with editorial management by Prof. Dr. Alaa Hussein Alawi Al-Badrani, alongside a dedicated team of editorial board members. Under their leadership, the journal has witnessed notable progress and development. Aims of the Journal: The Diyala Journal for Human Research is committed to sustaining, developing, and strengthening its academic presence. It seeks to connect with its audience by: Publishing original, high-quality research in the humanities. Supporting scholarly writing and documentation for academics and researchers. Promoting innovative, thought-provoking work that benefits both specialists and students. Contributing to the advancement of scientific and humanistic knowledge in society. Mission and Vision: The journal strives to serve as a credible academic platform with a meaningful local and regional impact. Each issue is a space for presenting original research, fresh ideas, and academic discourse—carefully reviewed and peer-evaluated prior to publication. Its goal is to meet the needs of faculty, researchers, and students in higher education and to encourage engagement with emerging trends and knowledge in the humanities. The editorial board warmly invites all scholars and specialists in the human sciences to contribute with their studies, research papers, insights, and constructive feedback. Your contributions are essential to the journal’s ongoing growth and to fulfilling its academic mission.
كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية / جامعة ديالى
اثر برنامج ارشادي بأسلوب المقابلة التحفيزية في خفض الارهاق المدرسي لدى طالبات الصف الثالث متوسط
<a href="The current study aimed to identify the effect of a counseling program using the motivational interviewing technique in reducing school burnout among third-grade intermediate female students. This was achieved by testing the following null hypotheses: 1- There are no statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the ranks of the experimental group's scores in the pre-test and post-test on the school burnout scale among third-grade intermediate female students. 2- There are no statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the ranks of the control group's scores in the pre-test and post-test on the school burnout scale among third-grade intermediate female students. 3- There are no statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the ranks of the experimental and control groups' scores in the post-test on the school burnout scale among third-grade intermediate female students. To achieve this, the researcher adopted the school burnout scale developed by Salmela etal.(2009), which consists of 9 items distributed across three domains. The counseling program was designed according to the motivational interviewing technique and consisted of 12 sessions, delivered at a rate of two sessions per week. The results indicated that motivational interviewing had an effect in reducing school burnout among the students in the experimental group in the post-test.">The current study aimed to identify the effect of a counseling program using the motivational interviewing technique in reducing school burnout among third-grade intermediate female students. This was achieved by testing the following null hypotheses: 1- There are no statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the ranks of the experimental group's scores in the pre-test and post-test on the school burnout scale among third-grade intermediate female students. 2- There are no statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the ranks of the control group's scores in the pre-test and post-test on the school burnout scale among third-grade intermediate female students. 3- There are no statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the ranks of the experimental and control groups' scores in the post-test on the school burnout scale among third-grade intermediate female students. To achieve this, the researcher adopted the school burnout scale developed by Salmela etal.(2009), which consists of 9 items distributed across three domains. The counseling program was designed according to the motivational interviewing technique and consisted of 12 sessions, delivered at a rate of two sessions per week. The results indicated that motivational interviewing had an effect in reducing school burnout among the students in the experimental group in the post-test.
Copyright (c) 2025 CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
أثر برنامج إرشادي بأسلوب التحكم المعرفي لتنمية اللطف المعرفي لدى المعلمات في المدارس الابتدائي
<a href="The current research aims to identify (the effect of a guidance program using the cognitive control method to develop cognitive kindness among female teachers in primary schools and to achieve the following research hypotheses: 1- There are no statistically significant differences in the effect size of the guidance program using cognitive control strategies among female teachers in primary schools. There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the average ranks of the scores of the experimental group (first) (cognitive control style on the cognitive kindness scale in the Pre- and post-tests. 2- There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the average ranks of the scores of the control group on the cognitive kindness scale in the pre- and post-tests. 3- There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the average ranks of the group scores. The first experimental study using the cognitive control method and the control group on the cognitive kindness scale In the post-test. The researchers constructed a cognitive kindness scale based on the theory of Karen Yu 2021) where the scale consists of (24) items distributed over five alternatives (always applies to me، often applies to me، sometimes applies to me، never applies to me) and adding The psychometric properties of the scale were extracted and the stability of the scale was confirmed by several methods، including retesting (81) and the Cronbach equation (0.756) and a research community for a sample of statistical analysis consisting of (400) female teachers in primary schools in the district of Baldruz affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Diyala. The two researchers applied the scale in its final form to the sample of statistical analysis. As for the experimental group، it consists of 20 female teachers who were distributed to Two groups (10) experimental and (10) control. The duration of the counseling sessions was 45 minutes for each session، and there were two sessions every week. After processing the data in light of that، the researchers reached the conclusion To a set of results، recommendations and proposals">The current research aims to identify (the effect of a guidance program using the cognitive control method to develop cognitive kindness among female teachers in primary schools and to achieve the following research hypotheses: 1- There are no statistically significant differences in the effect size of the guidance program using cognitive control strategies among female teachers in primary schools. There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the average ranks of the scores of the experimental group (first) (cognitive control style on the cognitive kindness scale in the Pre- and post-tests. 2- There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the average ranks of the scores of the control group on the cognitive kindness scale in the pre- and post-tests. 3- There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the average ranks of the group scores. The first experimental study using the cognitive control method and the control group on the cognitive kindness scale In the post-test. The researchers constructed a cognitive kindness scale based on the theory of Karen Yu 2021) where the scale consists of (24) items distributed over five alternatives (always applies to me، often applies to me، sometimes applies to me، never applies to me) and adding The psychometric properties of the scale were extracted and the stability of the scale was confirmed by several methods، including retesting (81) and the Cronbach equation (0.756) and a research community for a sample of statistical analysis consisting of (400) female teachers in primary schools in the district of Baldruz affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Diyala. The two researchers applied the scale in its final form to the sample of statistical analysis. As for the experimental group، it consists of 20 female teachers who were distributed to Two groups (10) experimental and (10) control. The duration of the counseling sessions was 45 minutes for each session، and there were two sessions every week. After processing the data in light of that، the researchers reached the conclusion To a set of results، recommendations and proposals
Utilizing Motivation as a Reinforcement Tool for Learning Standard Arabic Among Students of Various Specializations
<a href="This study aims to focus on the importance of motivation as a means to enhance the learning of Modern Standard Arabic among students in various university majors, particularly in addressing the challenges associated with mastering writing and speaking in Standard Arabic. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, distributing a questionnaire to a group of students from diverse majors to measure their level of motivation for learning Modern Standard Arabic and to identify the factors that encourage them to learn it. The results of the study indicated a positive relationship between an increase in students’ motivation and an improvement in their proficiency in Modern Standard Arabic. It was found that certain factors, such as professional goals, cultural identity, and the role of the teacher, have a significant impact on students’ motivation. The study emphasized the importance of developing teaching methods that are stimulating and provide learning environments that support interactive learning and make use of modern technology. The study recommended raising awareness of the importance of Modern Standard Arabic, designing educational programs that meet students’ needs and majors, and training teachers in instructional methods that stimulate students and strengthen their connection to their native language.">This study aims to focus on the importance of motivation as a means to enhance the learning of Modern Standard Arabic among students in various university majors, particularly in addressing the challenges associated with mastering writing and speaking in Standard Arabic. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, distributing a questionnaire to a group of students from diverse majors to measure their level of motivation for learning Modern Standard Arabic and to identify the factors that encourage them to learn it. The results of the study indicated a positive relationship between an increase in students’ motivation and an improvement in their proficiency in Modern Standard Arabic. It was found that certain factors, such as professional goals, cultural identity, and the role of the teacher, have a significant impact on students’ motivation. The study emphasized the importance of developing teaching methods that are stimulating and provide learning environments that support interactive learning and make use of modern technology. The study recommended raising awareness of the importance of Modern Standard Arabic, designing educational programs that meet students’ needs and majors, and training teachers in instructional methods that stimulate students and strengthen their connection to their native language.
الدافعية, التعزيز, اللغة العربية الفصحى, الدوافع الخارجية, الدوافع الداخلية
A Pragmatic Study of Nicki Minaj’s Songs: A Corpus-based Approach
<a href="Songs are considered one of the essentials of human life nowadays because they have occupied social media. It can be seen by surfing social apps such Instagram, Facebook, or by listening to them directly on YouTube or other apps such as Spotify and others. It is aimed to fill a gap in empirical studies by conducting pragmatic analyses of Nicki Minaj's songs, focusing on the lack of such studies to the best of the researchers' knowledge. Therefore, Nicki Minaj's tops albums songs are analyzed pragmatically through the years 2015-2024. To do so, Searle’s speech act classification (1986) and Salager's (1997) classification of hedges are applied to know which are the most frequently used speech acts and hedges type and why. However, a corpus software Antconc is used in order not to be biased and to have reliable results. The results show that the female rapper Nicki Minaj utilizes directive speech most frequently and commissives. For hedges the study shows the modal auxiliary verbs and if clauses as the most used types of hedges. It is shown that the rapper employs specific terms such as “wanna, gotta” terms ending with “in” instead of “ing” to convey the idea that female rappers have the power to alter the public's perception of them. Rappers that are women can perform just like men and have their tracks ranked at the top of the Billboard charts. In addition, the use of hedges in their songs helps female rappers to establish their individuality, which is consistent with Lakoff's (1975) theory of female speech.">Songs are considered one of the essentials of human life nowadays because they have occupied social media. It can be seen by surfing social apps such Instagram, Facebook, or by listening to them directly on YouTube or other apps such as Spotify and others. It is aimed to fill a gap in empirical studies by conducting pragmatic analyses of Nicki Minaj's songs, focusing on the lack of such studies to the best of the researchers' knowledge. Therefore, Nicki Minaj's tops albums songs are analyzed pragmatically through the years 2015-2024. To do so, Searle’s speech act classification (1986) and Salager's (1997) classification of hedges are applied to know which are the most frequently used speech acts and hedges type and why. However, a corpus software Antconc is used in order not to be biased and to have reliable results. The results show that the female rapper Nicki Minaj utilizes directive speech most frequently and commissives. For hedges the study shows the modal auxiliary verbs and if clauses as the most used types of hedges. It is shown that the rapper employs specific terms such as “wanna, gotta” terms ending with “in” instead of “ing” to convey the idea that female rappers have the power to alter the public's perception of them. Rappers that are women can perform just like men and have their tracks ranked at the top of the Billboard charts. In addition, the use of hedges in their songs helps female rappers to establish their individuality, which is consistent with Lakoff's (1975) theory of female speech.
Spiritual competence among university students
<a href="The current research aims to identify the spiritual competence of university students, the statistically significant differences in spiritual competence of university students according to the gender variable (males - females), the research sample consisted of (233) students from Diyala University, the sample was selected by the random stratified method and to achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher built a spiritual competence scale, and the scale consists of (45) paragraphs, and the psychometric properties of apparent validity and construct validity were verified and its stability was verified, as the stability coefficient by the Cronbach's alpha method reached (0.93) and by the retest method (0.88), after processing the research data statistically using the statistical package (spss), and the researcher reached the following results: The sample members have spiritual competence compared to the theoretical average of the scale, and there are no statistically significant differences in spiritual competence according to the gender and specialization variables, and in light of these results, the researcher came out with a set of recommendations and proposals">The current research aims to identify the spiritual competence of university students, the statistically significant differences in spiritual competence of university students according to the gender variable (males - females), the research sample consisted of (233) students from Diyala University, the sample was selected by the random stratified method and to achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher built a spiritual competence scale, and the scale consists of (45) paragraphs, and the psychometric properties of apparent validity and construct validity were verified and its stability was verified, as the stability coefficient by the Cronbach's alpha method reached (0.93) and by the retest method (0.88), after processing the research data statistically using the statistical package (spss), and the researcher reached the following results: The sample members have spiritual competence compared to the theoretical average of the scale, and there are no statistically significant differences in spiritual competence according to the gender and specialization variables, and in light of these results, the researcher came out with a set of recommendations and proposals
A Linguistic Investigation of Online Suicide Posts in English and Arabic
<a href="Ever since social media become an outlet for many individuals to share their agonizing thoughts like suicidal ideation, People used to encounter suicide posts of others on different platforms. A suicide post is a piece of writing shared electronically by a poster who decides or desires to end his \ her life for some reason. The principal problem to be handled in this study is the need to point out if these posts in particular have a common framework or not. Moreover, till the time of conducting this investigation, there is no contrastive study about the Arabic suicide posts linguistically as opposed to the English ones. Therefore, this study is a qualitative one intends to investigate the most conspicuous linguistic features of suicide posts in English and Arabic. In order to examine the extent to which these types of posts are different or similar, a comparative approach is adopted. Data are obtained from three diverse online platforms, namely Facebook, Instagram and Wattpad. Based on the work of Prokofyeva (2013), the researcher will read, classify, and describe the data. At the end, the result of this study can provide more information in research concerning suicide posts in linguistics as well as an application of Discourse Analysis to online texts.">Ever since social media become an outlet for many individuals to share their agonizing thoughts like suicidal ideation, People used to encounter suicide posts of others on different platforms. A suicide post is a piece of writing shared electronically by a poster who decides or desires to end his \ her life for some reason. The principal problem to be handled in this study is the need to point out if these posts in particular have a common framework or not. Moreover, till the time of conducting this investigation, there is no contrastive study about the Arabic suicide posts linguistically as opposed to the English ones. Therefore, this study is a qualitative one intends to investigate the most conspicuous linguistic features of suicide posts in English and Arabic. In order to examine the extent to which these types of posts are different or similar, a comparative approach is adopted. Data are obtained from three diverse online platforms, namely Facebook, Instagram and Wattpad. Based on the work of Prokofyeva (2013), the researcher will read, classify, and describe the data. At the end, the result of this study can provide more information in research concerning suicide posts in linguistics as well as an application of Discourse Analysis to online texts.
Suicide Posts/ Linguistics/ Discourse Analysis/ online texts.
قياس الجهد العاطفي الايجابي لدى المعلمات في المدارس الابتدائية
<a href="The current research aims to measure positive emotional effort among female teachers in primary schools in Diyala Governorate for the academic year 2020-2021. The current research is limited to female primary school teachers in daytime classes at government schools in the Baqubah District Center, affiliated with the Diyala Governorate Education Directorate, for the academic year 2020-2021. The sample included 40 schools. The statistical analysis sample consisted of 400 female teachers randomly selected from the research community. The researcher measured the teachers' positive emotional effort, which consisted of 33 items in its initial form. The scale was then presented to a group of judges in measurement, evaluation, and psychology to confirm apparent and construct validity. The final version of the scale, consisting of 30 items, was presented to the judges. The results of constructing a positive emotional effort scale among female teachers revealed a decrease in emotional effort. In light of the research findings, the researcher developed a set of recommendations and proposals.">The current research aims to measure positive emotional effort among female teachers in primary schools in Diyala Governorate for the academic year 2020-2021. The current research is limited to female primary school teachers in daytime classes at government schools in the Baqubah District Center, affiliated with the Diyala Governorate Education Directorate, for the academic year 2020-2021. The sample included 40 schools. The statistical analysis sample consisted of 400 female teachers randomly selected from the research community. The researcher measured the teachers' positive emotional effort, which consisted of 33 items in its initial form. The scale was then presented to a group of judges in measurement, evaluation, and psychology to confirm apparent and construct validity. The final version of the scale, consisting of 30 items, was presented to the judges. The results of constructing a positive emotional effort scale among female teachers revealed a decrease in emotional effort. In light of the research findings, the researcher developed a set of recommendations and proposals.
Copyright (c) 2024 CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
British policy towards Iraq from 1948 - 1953
<a href="After the end of World War II, Britain wanted to maintain its influence in Iraq, but the development of leftist parties in Iraq and the expansion of their base among the educated youth class, represented by college and higher institute students, and the penetration of the Communist Party among the general class, aroused Britain’s anger at the expansion of the base of those parties with The leftist party that sees the Soviet Union as a model and a savior for it. Britain felt that its conflict with the Soviet Union had begun in Iraq. Britain wanted to attack those parties that glorified the Soviet experience in Iraq. Britain’s decision was to interfere in the Iraqi government’s policy on internal, external, and national issues And nationalism by directing the policy of the Iraqi government. The British ambassador instructed the government to use a policy of intimidation against parties opposing British policy, arresting their leaders in prisons, closing their press, and closing those parties. With all these strict measures, the influence supporting the Soviet Union increased. The intervention of the British ambassador in Iraq was You tried to form governments in order to restrain the revolting masses, but these measures were of no use. Britain sensed the seriousness of its position in Iraq">After the end of World War II, Britain wanted to maintain its influence in Iraq, but the development of leftist parties in Iraq and the expansion of their base among the educated youth class, represented by college and higher institute students, and the penetration of the Communist Party among the general class, aroused Britain’s anger at the expansion of the base of those parties with The leftist party that sees the Soviet Union as a model and a savior for it. Britain felt that its conflict with the Soviet Union had begun in Iraq. Britain wanted to attack those parties that glorified the Soviet experience in Iraq. Britain’s decision was to interfere in the Iraqi government’s policy on internal, external, and national issues And nationalism by directing the policy of the Iraqi government. The British ambassador instructed the government to use a policy of intimidation against parties opposing British policy, arresting their leaders in prisons, closing their press, and closing those parties. With all these strict measures, the influence supporting the Soviet Union increased. The intervention of the British ambassador in Iraq was You tried to form governments in order to restrain the revolting masses, but these measures were of no use. Britain sensed the seriousness of its position in Iraq
The impact of morphological buildings on generating second meanings in the Diwan of the poet Haider Al-Hilla
<a href="The morphological structures in the divans (collected poems) of poets vary in generating meanings, each with its own distinct form that conveys different semantic implications from a morphological perspective. These structures are notably present in the divan of *Haydar al-Hilli*, where readers, upon engaging with his poetry, evoke the meanings intended by the poet. Haydar al-Hilli’s divan served as a primary source for this study, from which selected poems were analyzed as research models. This study investigates morphological structures and their role in generating secondary meanings, as well as the complementary relationship between morphological forms and semantic derivation. It also examines the influence of syntactic structures on meaning, since the transition from the original (literal) meaning to contextual usage requires a semantic cue to maintain the connection between the word’s root meaning and its derived connotations as perceived by the recipient">The morphological structures in the divans (collected poems) of poets vary in generating meanings, each with its own distinct form that conveys different semantic implications from a morphological perspective. These structures are notably present in the divan of *Haydar al-Hilli*, where readers, upon engaging with his poetry, evoke the meanings intended by the poet. Haydar al-Hilli’s divan served as a primary source for this study, from which selected poems were analyzed as research models. This study investigates morphological structures and their role in generating secondary meanings, as well as the complementary relationship between morphological forms and semantic derivation. It also examines the influence of syntactic structures on meaning, since the transition from the original (literal) meaning to contextual usage requires a semantic cue to maintain the connection between the word’s root meaning and its derived connotations as perceived by the recipient
المعاني- المباني- الصرفية- المعاني الثانوية- حيدر الحلي
تطوير مقياس انماط الفكاهة باستخدام الأنموذج الكشفي المتدرج المعمم لدى طلبة جامعة ديالى
<a href="The current research aims to develop a Humor Styles Scale using the Generalized Graded Unfolding Model (GGUM) among students of the University of Diyala. The scale is adapted from the instrument developed by Martin et al. (2003), which includes four humor styles. To achieve this goal, the researcher followed rigorous scientific procedures in analyzing the scale. These steps included translating the original instrument into Arabic, conducting a back-translation into English, and consulting a specialist in English to verify the accuracy of the translation. After ensuring translation validity and the logical appropriateness of the scale's items, and obtaining face validity, the scale was presented to ten experts (jury members) in the fields of educational and psychological sciences to obtain their feedback and suggestions for revising the wording of the items. None of the 32 items were excluded, as all received a 100% agreement rate from the experts, thereby confirming the scale's face validity. To ensure the clarity of the scale's instructions and items for the study sample and to determine the appropriate response time, the scale was administered to a pilot sample of 50 randomly selected students from the University of Diyala. The results indicated that the instructions and items were clear, and the response time was determined. Additionally, the assumptions of the model were verified. The scale was then applied to a sample of 500 randomly and proportionally selected undergraduate students from the morning study programs. The researcher employed the Generalized Graded Unfolding Model, one of the models of modern measurement theory. The results demonstrated the model’s suitability, the data's conformity with its assumptions, and the adequacy of all items in terms of psychometric properties. The researcher concluded with several recommendations, conclusions, and suggestions for future research.">The current research aims to develop a Humor Styles Scale using the Generalized Graded Unfolding Model (GGUM) among students of the University of Diyala. The scale is adapted from the instrument developed by Martin et al. (2003), which includes four humor styles. To achieve this goal, the researcher followed rigorous scientific procedures in analyzing the scale. These steps included translating the original instrument into Arabic, conducting a back-translation into English, and consulting a specialist in English to verify the accuracy of the translation. After ensuring translation validity and the logical appropriateness of the scale's items, and obtaining face validity, the scale was presented to ten experts (jury members) in the fields of educational and psychological sciences to obtain their feedback and suggestions for revising the wording of the items. None of the 32 items were excluded, as all received a 100% agreement rate from the experts, thereby confirming the scale's face validity. To ensure the clarity of the scale's instructions and items for the study sample and to determine the appropriate response time, the scale was administered to a pilot sample of 50 randomly selected students from the University of Diyala. The results indicated that the instructions and items were clear, and the response time was determined. Additionally, the assumptions of the model were verified. The scale was then applied to a sample of 500 randomly and proportionally selected undergraduate students from the morning study programs. The researcher employed the Generalized Graded Unfolding Model, one of the models of modern measurement theory. The results demonstrated the model’s suitability, the data's conformity with its assumptions, and the adequacy of all items in terms of psychometric properties. The researcher concluded with several recommendations, conclusions, and suggestions for future research.
تحليل جغرافي لنتائج الدورة الانتخابية لعام 2021 لانتخابات مجلس النواب في محافظة واسط
<a href="Studying the geography of elections is one of the foundations on which no political process can be built. Studying it lays the foundation for any electoral process. From this standpoint, it has become necessary to clarify these components and the extent of their Influence and contribution to the conduct of the electoral process as a whole. Wasit Governorate is part of the Iraqi alluvial plain region, which is characterized by its flatness and low slope, which extends from the northwest to the southeast. The relative levelness is uneven in all its parts due to the presence of depressions that turn into marshes and water swamps in the winter, especially after rain and floods. Specifically in the west of the governorate, on the borders of Diwaniyah Governorate, and in the southeast of the governorate, specifically on the borders of Maysan Governorate, and in the lower southeast of Jassan district. The location of Wasit Governorate has an important role in influencing the size and area of the city, due to its location in the alluvial plain region and its proximity to several governorates, as its eastern borders are adjacent to each other. With the borders of Iraq, Iran, and Maysan Governorate. As for the western borders, they are adjacent to the governorates of Babil and Al-Qadisiyah, the northern borders are with the governorates of Diyala and Baghdad, and the southern borders are with the Dhi Qar governorate.">Studying the geography of elections is one of the foundations on which no political process can be built. Studying it lays the foundation for any electoral process. From this standpoint, it has become necessary to clarify these components and the extent of their Influence and contribution to the conduct of the electoral process as a whole. Wasit Governorate is part of the Iraqi alluvial plain region, which is characterized by its flatness and low slope, which extends from the northwest to the southeast. The relative levelness is uneven in all its parts due to the presence of depressions that turn into marshes and water swamps in the winter, especially after rain and floods. Specifically in the west of the governorate, on the borders of Diwaniyah Governorate, and in the southeast of the governorate, specifically on the borders of Maysan Governorate, and in the lower southeast of Jassan district. The location of Wasit Governorate has an important role in influencing the size and area of the city, due to its location in the alluvial plain region and its proximity to several governorates, as its eastern borders are adjacent to each other. With the borders of Iraq, Iran, and Maysan Governorate. As for the western borders, they are adjacent to the governorates of Babil and Al-Qadisiyah, the northern borders are with the governorates of Diyala and Baghdad, and the southern borders are with the Dhi Qar governorate.
إثر النشاط البشري الصناعي في تغيير المظهر الأرضي في منطقة النهروان (معامل الطابوق انموذجا).
<a href="The area is located in the southern and eastern part of Baghdad Governorate, and Al-Arous (40 km2) is one of the industrial contributing sites represented by the production of bricks, which is one of the parts of humanity that developed. It appears partly in the region, through the extraction of clay that affected this industry and thus left traces through the earth’s excavations. This is in an area of (50 factories) for the production of bricks, the area of each one of which is (3 dunums), except for the Nakhla Al Janoub Company factory, whose area remains (10 dunams). There is a larger area for the rest of the factories available in the area and the Dhafaf al-Nahrain factory, whose area is not completed (4). 5 dunums), so at least one of them is boring and does not extract clay, which affects this industry, and it is widely spread within the region, and the depths of digging in these quarries reach (10 meters), and the amount of clay extracted mostly failed in the laboratories (75,000 thousand meters) and it was gone. Because of what Iraq has witnessed, including the region, there has been urban development in recent years, which has led to an increasing demand for construction products, especially bricks">The area is located in the southern and eastern part of Baghdad Governorate, and Al-Arous (40 km2) is one of the industrial contributing sites represented by the production of bricks, which is one of the parts of humanity that developed. It appears partly in the region, through the extraction of clay that affected this industry and thus left traces through the earth’s excavations. This is in an area of (50 factories) for the production of bricks, the area of each one of which is (3 dunums), except for the Nakhla Al Janoub Company factory, whose area remains (10 dunams). There is a larger area for the rest of the factories available in the area and the Dhafaf al-Nahrain factory, whose area is not completed (4). 5 dunums), so at least one of them is boring and does not extract clay, which affects this industry, and it is widely spread within the region, and the depths of digging in these quarries reach (10 meters), and the amount of clay extracted mostly failed in the laboratories (75,000 thousand meters) and it was gone. Because of what Iraq has witnessed, including the region, there has been urban development in recent years, which has led to an increasing demand for construction products, especially bricks
النشاط البشري، المظهر الارضي، النهروان، معامل الطابوق
The Nixon Doctrine in the Transformation of US-China Relations between1969-1974
<a href="This study examines the strategic shift in U.S.–China relations between 1969 and 1974 through an analysis of the Nixon Doctrine. It highlights the political context, secret diplomacy, President Nixon’s 1972 visit to Beijing, and the Shanghai Communiqué. The study also explores the mutual benefits for both sides and how this rapprochement contributed to reshaping global dynamics during the Cold War. The topic was chosen for its historical and strategic significance, as it represents a pivotal turning point in international relations with a long-term impact on the global balance of power and the interactions among major powers.">This study examines the strategic shift in U.S.–China relations between 1969 and 1974 through an analysis of the Nixon Doctrine. It highlights the political context, secret diplomacy, President Nixon’s 1972 visit to Beijing, and the Shanghai Communiqué. The study also explores the mutual benefits for both sides and how this rapprochement contributed to reshaping global dynamics during the Cold War. The topic was chosen for its historical and strategic significance, as it represents a pivotal turning point in international relations with a long-term impact on the global balance of power and the interactions among major powers.
مبدأ نيكسون، الصين، الحرب الباردة، كيسنجر
فاعلية برنامج تدريبي في مساعدة طلبة الصف الثاني متوسط على اكتساب قيم ومهارات حل النزاعات ووساطة الاقران في ثلاثة مدارس في مدينة دهوك
<a href="The aim of this research was to identify the skills and values acquired by students through a training program on conflict resolution and peer mediation, which was implemented over three consecutive days in three schools located in the western part of Duhok city. The program targeted eighth-grade students (equivalent to second intermediate level), with a total of 80 students of both genders participating as trainees. These participants were divided into three groups: 23 male students from a boys’ school, 34 female students from a girls’ school, and 14 male and 9 female students from a coeducational school. The program was conducted at the beginning of the 2024–2025 academic year, specifically during the months of October and November 2024. To achieve the research objectives, we developed two instruments: A Conflict Resolution Scale and a Peer Mediation Scale. The study revealed statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test mean scores on both scales, in favor of the post-test scores. The results also showed a correlation between the two scales, both before and after the implementation of the program. Among the findings was the absence of a gender effect (male or female) on students’ scores in both the pre- and post-tests for the Conflict Resolution Scale, as well as the pre-test for the Peer Mediation Scale. However, gender was found to have a significant effect on the post-test scores of the Peer Mediation Scale. Furthermore, the study indicated that the school variable had no significant effect on students' average responses regarding conflict resolution. Similarly, no significant effect of the school variable was found on students’ average responses to the Peer Mediation Scale in the pre-test. However, a significant school effect was observed in the post-test results of the Peer Mediation Scale">The aim of this research was to identify the skills and values acquired by students through a training program on conflict resolution and peer mediation, which was implemented over three consecutive days in three schools located in the western part of Duhok city. The program targeted eighth-grade students (equivalent to second intermediate level), with a total of 80 students of both genders participating as trainees. These participants were divided into three groups: 23 male students from a boys’ school, 34 female students from a girls’ school, and 14 male and 9 female students from a coeducational school. The program was conducted at the beginning of the 2024–2025 academic year, specifically during the months of October and November 2024. To achieve the research objectives, we developed two instruments: A Conflict Resolution Scale and a Peer Mediation Scale. The study revealed statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test mean scores on both scales, in favor of the post-test scores. The results also showed a correlation between the two scales, both before and after the implementation of the program. Among the findings was the absence of a gender effect (male or female) on students’ scores in both the pre- and post-tests for the Conflict Resolution Scale, as well as the pre-test for the Peer Mediation Scale. However, gender was found to have a significant effect on the post-test scores of the Peer Mediation Scale. Furthermore, the study indicated that the school variable had no significant effect on students' average responses regarding conflict resolution. Similarly, no significant effect of the school variable was found on students’ average responses to the Peer Mediation Scale in the pre-test. However, a significant school effect was observed in the post-test results of the Peer Mediation Scale
Water Scarcity Effects on Iraqi Farmers in Social Media Reports:A Critical Discourse Analysis
<a href="Water scarcity is an escalating crisis in Iraq, severely affecting farmers who rely on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers for their livelihoods. Although previous studies have examined water scarcity from an economic perspective, notably the effects of water scarcity on Iraqi farmers have not been studied linguistically in social media reports. This study addresses this gap by analysing how Iraqi farmers construct narratives of struggle and urgency in social media discourse. Using a qualitative design, the study applies Fairclough’s (1995) Three-Dimensional Model of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to examine the linguistic, discursive, and social practices within selected report in social media. The findings reveal that farmers predominantly use material processes to express their struggle and urgency, emphasising displacement, livelihood loss, lack of institutional support. Contextually, their discourse highlights the broader socio-economic impacts of water scarcity, portraying them as victims of climate change, ineffective mismanagement, and transboundary water tensions. The analysis also uncovers a significant power imbalance, as farmers have limited control over water resources and are subject to decisions made by more influential actors. Rather than being presented solely as an environmental issue, water scarcity is ideologically constructed as a crisis of equity, justice, and survival. Although this study is based on a single news report, it offers valuable sociolinguistic insights into how water scarcity is represented through discourse, and it lays a foundation for future research into the narratives of other stakeholders, such as decision-makers and environmental advocates">Water scarcity is an escalating crisis in Iraq, severely affecting farmers who rely on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers for their livelihoods. Although previous studies have examined water scarcity from an economic perspective, notably the effects of water scarcity on Iraqi farmers have not been studied linguistically in social media reports. This study addresses this gap by analysing how Iraqi farmers construct narratives of struggle and urgency in social media discourse. Using a qualitative design, the study applies Fairclough’s (1995) Three-Dimensional Model of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to examine the linguistic, discursive, and social practices within selected report in social media. The findings reveal that farmers predominantly use material processes to express their struggle and urgency, emphasising displacement, livelihood loss, lack of institutional support. Contextually, their discourse highlights the broader socio-economic impacts of water scarcity, portraying them as victims of climate change, ineffective mismanagement, and transboundary water tensions. The analysis also uncovers a significant power imbalance, as farmers have limited control over water resources and are subject to decisions made by more influential actors. Rather than being presented solely as an environmental issue, water scarcity is ideologically constructed as a crisis of equity, justice, and survival. Although this study is based on a single news report, it offers valuable sociolinguistic insights into how water scarcity is represented through discourse, and it lays a foundation for future research into the narratives of other stakeholders, such as decision-makers and environmental advocates
critical discourse analysis, Fairclough’s three-dimensional modal, news reports, social media, water scarcity
الادارة البيئية من منظور الجغرافية السياسية
<a href="The concern in environmental administration is no longer something that the state can ignore, as the environment has a direct relationship with all the activities that the state can carry out. So the view and behavior of countries towards the environment change, so it then clarifies the increase in environmental awareness towards it, which led to the development of environmental administration, especially in the mechanism of rationalization in the consumption of natural and non-natural resources through planning, implementation, monitoring, supervision, and improvement of environmental administration and knowing how to manage it and the extent of the impact of environmental administration on environmental performance in the country, where the administration plays a prominent role in preserving the environment, which represents the administrative control authority over all activities in the state">The concern in environmental administration is no longer something that the state can ignore, as the environment has a direct relationship with all the activities that the state can carry out. So the view and behavior of countries towards the environment change, so it then clarifies the increase in environmental awareness towards it, which led to the development of environmental administration, especially in the mechanism of rationalization in the consumption of natural and non-natural resources through planning, implementation, monitoring, supervision, and improvement of environmental administration and knowing how to manage it and the extent of the impact of environmental administration on environmental performance in the country, where the administration plays a prominent role in preserving the environment, which represents the administrative control authority over all activities in the state
Copyright (c) 2023 CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Conceptual blending in the book Majma' al-Amthal by Abu al-Fadl al-Maydani (d. 518 AH)
<a href="This study undertakes an analytical exploration of Arabic proverbs as documented in Majma' al-Amthal (The Collection of Proverbs) by Abu al-Fadl al-Maydani (d. 518 AH). The research is grounded in a theoretical framework that examines the cognitive dimension and mental imagery embedded within proverbs. It focuses on how these expressions form mental networks by integrating two distinct cognitive domains into a unified conceptual space known as the blended space. The primary objective of this study is to assess the role of conceptual blending in shaping human cognition and its influence on constructing linguistic reality. By analyzing the mechanisms through which conceptual integration occurs, the research aims to highlight its significance in language comprehension and thought formation.">This study undertakes an analytical exploration of Arabic proverbs as documented in Majma' al-Amthal (The Collection of Proverbs) by Abu al-Fadl al-Maydani (d. 518 AH). The research is grounded in a theoretical framework that examines the cognitive dimension and mental imagery embedded within proverbs. It focuses on how these expressions form mental networks by integrating two distinct cognitive domains into a unified conceptual space known as the blended space. The primary objective of this study is to assess the role of conceptual blending in shaping human cognition and its influence on constructing linguistic reality. By analyzing the mechanisms through which conceptual integration occurs, the research aims to highlight its significance in language comprehension and thought formation.
Intertextuality and Intertextuality: A Critical Analysis of Concepts and Interpretive Differences in Arabic Criticism
<a href="This research, entitled (Intertextuality and Textual Interrelation: A Study of Arab Critical Concepts and Applications), is a serious attempt to address a concept that has long occupied the minds of Arab critics and the West alike. The Arabs also hinted that the seeds of this Western concept were circulating among the Arabs since ancient times, such as: Al-Jahiz, and others who were addressed in the research, and their statements were presented in detail; Intertextuality is a complex phenomenon. We rarely see a text that is devoid of intertextuality with another text. It is a process of joking and intermingling the present with the past. This is present in our lives. Today, we cite the sayings and opinions of previous nations, whether we like it or not. It is a concept that has deep roots in antiquity. However, the West took some hints and signals from the Arabs, such as plagiarism, telepathy, and the absent text, etc., and they framed the term to become a term in its own right, with its foundations, concepts, and mechanisms. This research includes three sections, preceded by an introduction and a preface, followed by a conclusion that summarizes the most prominent results reached by the research, and then a list of sources and references from which the research drew its scientific material">This research, entitled (Intertextuality and Textual Interrelation: A Study of Arab Critical Concepts and Applications), is a serious attempt to address a concept that has long occupied the minds of Arab critics and the West alike. The Arabs also hinted that the seeds of this Western concept were circulating among the Arabs since ancient times, such as: Al-Jahiz, and others who were addressed in the research, and their statements were presented in detail; Intertextuality is a complex phenomenon. We rarely see a text that is devoid of intertextuality with another text. It is a process of joking and intermingling the present with the past. This is present in our lives. Today, we cite the sayings and opinions of previous nations, whether we like it or not. It is a concept that has deep roots in antiquity. However, the West took some hints and signals from the Arabs, such as plagiarism, telepathy, and the absent text, etc., and they framed the term to become a term in its own right, with its foundations, concepts, and mechanisms. This research includes three sections, preceded by an introduction and a preface, followed by a conclusion that summarizes the most prominent results reached by the research, and then a list of sources and references from which the research drew its scientific material
The Effect of Visualization as Mental Strategy on Developing Speaking Fluency of EFL Secondary School Students
<a href="There may be several challenges when using visualization as a mental strategy to increase proficiency with speech in secondary school; some may relate to students, while others may relate to teachers. It is implied that many students are unfamiliar with mental processes or mental tactics like visualizations when there is a limited understanding of cognitive strategies. In addition to lacking drive and confidence, individuals may have no idea how to create internal practice scenarios or mental imagery. It can be challenging to employ innovative citrates when students are hesitant to communicate. This study aims to investigate the effect of visualization as mental strategy in improving speaking fluency of Iraqi EFL secondary school students. This study is hypothesized that there is statistical significance difference in speaking fluency between the experimental group who are taught using visualization as a mental strategy and the control group who are taught by conventional method. Sixty students from Al-Muhsin Secondary school participated as a sample in this study. By using suitable statistical method, the results showed that EFL secondary school in the experimental group speak more fluent than the control one.">There may be several challenges when using visualization as a mental strategy to increase proficiency with speech in secondary school; some may relate to students, while others may relate to teachers. It is implied that many students are unfamiliar with mental processes or mental tactics like visualizations when there is a limited understanding of cognitive strategies. In addition to lacking drive and confidence, individuals may have no idea how to create internal practice scenarios or mental imagery. It can be challenging to employ innovative citrates when students are hesitant to communicate. This study aims to investigate the effect of visualization as mental strategy in improving speaking fluency of Iraqi EFL secondary school students. This study is hypothesized that there is statistical significance difference in speaking fluency between the experimental group who are taught using visualization as a mental strategy and the control group who are taught by conventional method. Sixty students from Al-Muhsin Secondary school participated as a sample in this study. By using suitable statistical method, the results showed that EFL secondary school in the experimental group speak more fluent than the control one.
Promoting EFL Students' Teaching Skills and Academic Engagement Through Integrating Life Skills in Classroom Activities
<a href="The EFL (English as a foreign language) students at colleges of education ,during their academic years, are provided with a variety of subjects which qualify them to graduate as language teachers. Thus, in addition to linguistic abilities, they need to be effectively equipped with all the skills necessary to face the challenges they may encounter in their future work. Therefore, learning a variety of life skills, such as effective communication, problem solving, stress management, time management, critical thinking, etc., is necessary for achieving success. Moreover, integrating life skills is critical for increasing students' engagement in class activities as they can experience things that are relevant to their future goals and real life situations. Accordingly, the present study is designed to assess the effectiveness of integrating life skills- based activities in promoting students' teaching skills and engagement. To conduct the study, a sample of 70 participants from the college of Basic Education is assigned to represent the experimental and control groups of the study. The experiment, which incorporates life skills- based activities, has lasted for 9 weeks. After collecting and analyzing data, findings reveal that a noticeable improvement has been achieved for both teaching skills and level of academic engagement.">The EFL (English as a foreign language) students at colleges of education ,during their academic years, are provided with a variety of subjects which qualify them to graduate as language teachers. Thus, in addition to linguistic abilities, they need to be effectively equipped with all the skills necessary to face the challenges they may encounter in their future work. Therefore, learning a variety of life skills, such as effective communication, problem solving, stress management, time management, critical thinking, etc., is necessary for achieving success. Moreover, integrating life skills is critical for increasing students' engagement in class activities as they can experience things that are relevant to their future goals and real life situations. Accordingly, the present study is designed to assess the effectiveness of integrating life skills- based activities in promoting students' teaching skills and engagement. To conduct the study, a sample of 70 participants from the college of Basic Education is assigned to represent the experimental and control groups of the study. The experiment, which incorporates life skills- based activities, has lasted for 9 weeks. After collecting and analyzing data, findings reveal that a noticeable improvement has been achieved for both teaching skills and level of academic engagement.
الغزالي (ت:505هـ)في ميزان دولة المرابطين (448ـــــ541هـ)
<a href="In this research, we have addressed the relationship of the Almoravid state with one of the pillars of science and thought in the Islamic East, namely Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (450-505 AH), who enjoyed the support of one of the most prominent princes of this state, Yusuf ibn Tashfin (454-500 AH). Al-Ghazali urged the Abbasid Caliphate to issue a controversial decree extending his rule and influence over the lands he conquered or to which he restored calm and stability. Therefore, al-Ghazali enjoyed the support of Yusuf ibn Tashfin, while we find that the relationship between al-Ghazali and the Almoravids recorded a significant decline during the reign of Ali ibn Yusuf (500-537 AH). This decline and disagreement formed a crisis between some scholars and the Almoravid government. Therefore, we divided the research into four axes. The first is entitled “A Brief History of al-Ghazali’s Life,” in which we discussed his life and upbringing, and we also referred to some of his sheikhs and students. The second axis was entitled “His Support for the Almoravid State in the Days of Yusuf ibn Tashfin "In it we demonstrated Al-Ghazali's role in supporting Yusuf ibn Tashfin and his contribution to overcoming the difficulties facing this prince's political and military achievements. The third section was titled "Al-Ghazali's relationship with the Almoravids after 500 AH", in which we pointed out the beginning of the deterioration in relations between Al-Ghazali and the Almoravids and the most important reasons for that. The fourth section was titled "The position of the jurists on the issue of burning Al-Ghazali's books", in which we presented some of the opinions of those who supported and opposed this measure. The conclusion included the most important results of this research, which we relied on a number of sources and references to document it.">In this research, we have addressed the relationship of the Almoravid state with one of the pillars of science and thought in the Islamic East, namely Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (450-505 AH), who enjoyed the support of one of the most prominent princes of this state, Yusuf ibn Tashfin (454-500 AH). Al-Ghazali urged the Abbasid Caliphate to issue a controversial decree extending his rule and influence over the lands he conquered or to which he restored calm and stability. Therefore, al-Ghazali enjoyed the support of Yusuf ibn Tashfin, while we find that the relationship between al-Ghazali and the Almoravids recorded a significant decline during the reign of Ali ibn Yusuf (500-537 AH). This decline and disagreement formed a crisis between some scholars and the Almoravid government. Therefore, we divided the research into four axes. The first is entitled “A Brief History of al-Ghazali’s Life,” in which we discussed his life and upbringing, and we also referred to some of his sheikhs and students. The second axis was entitled “His Support for the Almoravid State in the Days of Yusuf ibn Tashfin "In it we demonstrated Al-Ghazali's role in supporting Yusuf ibn Tashfin and his contribution to overcoming the difficulties facing this prince's political and military achievements. The third section was titled "Al-Ghazali's relationship with the Almoravids after 500 AH", in which we pointed out the beginning of the deterioration in relations between Al-Ghazali and the Almoravids and the most important reasons for that. The fourth section was titled "The position of the jurists on the issue of burning Al-Ghazali's books", in which we presented some of the opinions of those who supported and opposed this measure. The conclusion included the most important results of this research, which we relied on a number of sources and references to document it.
Copyright (c) 2019 CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
كيفية رسم حروف المعجم من كتاب (الجواب عمّا استبهم من الأَسئلة المتعلقة بحروف المعجم لمحمود شكري الآلوسي (ت ١٣٤٢هـ) دراسة وتحقيق.
<a href="The drawing of the letters of the lexicon is one of the important topics among linguists, and it is very important in our Arabic language. It has received a great deal of attention from the past and has been the subject of much discussion, especially what has been raised about the abjad hwaz (Alphabet) to its end, and about the cut letters at the beginning of the surahs. Books such as al-Khalil and al-Razi were written, and chapters were devoted to them in other books such as al-Khasisat, Ibn Jinni's Secret of the Arabic Industry, al-Mizhar in the Sciences of Language and its Types by al-Suyuti, al-Khazanah by Abd al-Qadir al-Baghdadi, and books of interpretation when talking about the cut letters, such as the interpretation of Zamakhshari and al-Razi and the footnotes on them. Mahmoud Shukri al-Alusi said in drawing the letters of the lexicon: Know that it is the right of every word to be written with the letters of its spelling, that is, with its letters from which it is composed, if it is composite, otherwise with the letter of its spelling, whether the word means what can be written, such as Zayd, Rajul (man), dharib (beating), al-youm (day), and others. In this research, the researcher presented what Mahmoud Shukri Al-Alusi mentioned in the drawing of the letters of the lexicon, a linguistic manuscript, and concluded the research with my most important findings.">The drawing of the letters of the lexicon is one of the important topics among linguists, and it is very important in our Arabic language. It has received a great deal of attention from the past and has been the subject of much discussion, especially what has been raised about the abjad hwaz (Alphabet) to its end, and about the cut letters at the beginning of the surahs. Books such as al-Khalil and al-Razi were written, and chapters were devoted to them in other books such as al-Khasisat, Ibn Jinni's Secret of the Arabic Industry, al-Mizhar in the Sciences of Language and its Types by al-Suyuti, al-Khazanah by Abd al-Qadir al-Baghdadi, and books of interpretation when talking about the cut letters, such as the interpretation of Zamakhshari and al-Razi and the footnotes on them. Mahmoud Shukri al-Alusi said in drawing the letters of the lexicon: Know that it is the right of every word to be written with the letters of its spelling, that is, with its letters from which it is composed, if it is composite, otherwise with the letter of its spelling, whether the word means what can be written, such as Zayd, Rajul (man), dharib (beating), al-youm (day), and others. In this research, the researcher presented what Mahmoud Shukri Al-Alusi mentioned in the drawing of the letters of the lexicon, a linguistic manuscript, and concluded the research with my most important findings.
كيفية رسمها عند اللُّغويين – كيفية رسمها عند صاحب المخطوطة محمود شكري الآلوسي.
النمذجة الخرائطية الخصائص الكيميائية للتربة لتقييم التدهور في ناحية اشنونا لعام 2023 باستخدام تقنيات GIS
<a href="Spatial modeling of soil characteristics has become a vital topic of increasing interest among geographers and environmental researchers, due to its significant role in assessing soil suitability for various uses and determining the degree of degradation in its physical and chemical properties caused by human activities or climate change. Employing such models has become essential for studying areas that suffer from clear environmental problems, including the Ashnona subdistrict, which is considered one of the important agricultural regions but is facing serious challenges due to soil degradation. In this context, an applied field study was conducted, during which 19 soil samples were collected from various locations within the study area at depths ranging between 0–30 cm. The coordinates of the sampling sites were recorded using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies to construct an accurate spatial visualization of the distribution of physical and chemical soil properties. After collection, the samples were transported to the laboratory of the Baqubah Agriculture Directorate in Diyala Province for laboratory analysis using specialized instruments. The results led to the creation of an important database to understand the relationship between soil properties and the level of environmental degradation in the area. The study focuses on the use of cartographic modeling to assess the soil characteristics of the Ashnona subdistrict, including organic matter, pH level, electrical conductivity (salinity), calcium carbonate, and calcium sulfate. The modeling results revealed significant variation in soil suitability for agriculture among different districts, with declines in organic matter and increases in alkalinity and salinity observed in some areas. These findings underscore the urgent need for agricultural and administrative interventions to preserve agricultural productivity and ensure the sustainability of natural resources in the region">Spatial modeling of soil characteristics has become a vital topic of increasing interest among geographers and environmental researchers, due to its significant role in assessing soil suitability for various uses and determining the degree of degradation in its physical and chemical properties caused by human activities or climate change. Employing such models has become essential for studying areas that suffer from clear environmental problems, including the Ashnona subdistrict, which is considered one of the important agricultural regions but is facing serious challenges due to soil degradation. In this context, an applied field study was conducted, during which 19 soil samples were collected from various locations within the study area at depths ranging between 0–30 cm. The coordinates of the sampling sites were recorded using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies to construct an accurate spatial visualization of the distribution of physical and chemical soil properties. After collection, the samples were transported to the laboratory of the Baqubah Agriculture Directorate in Diyala Province for laboratory analysis using specialized instruments. The results led to the creation of an important database to understand the relationship between soil properties and the level of environmental degradation in the area. The study focuses on the use of cartographic modeling to assess the soil characteristics of the Ashnona subdistrict, including organic matter, pH level, electrical conductivity (salinity), calcium carbonate, and calcium sulfate. The modeling results revealed significant variation in soil suitability for agriculture among different districts, with declines in organic matter and increases in alkalinity and salinity observed in some areas. These findings underscore the urgent need for agricultural and administrative interventions to preserve agricultural productivity and ensure the sustainability of natural resources in the region
النمذجة ،الخصائص الفيزيائية ، الخصائص الكيميائية ، التغيرات المناخية
<a href="This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the development of foreign investment in China between 1978 and 1992, when China began implementing a policy of economic and opening up reform following the December 1978 meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), led by Deng Xiaoping. This policy represented a radical shift in economic approach, as China moved from a closed, centralized economy to one that was open to the global market. Since 1979, the first law regulating foreign investment was passed and special economic zones were established in cities such as Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, and Xiamen, leading to an influx of foreign capital into the country. Between 1984 and 1988, China expanded these policies to include coastal areas and other large cities, increasing investment opportunities and opening up new sectors to foreign investors, especially light industry and electronics. In the early 1990s, specifically in 1992, with Deng Xiaoping's visit to southern China, the importance of continuing the openness policy was reemphasized, leading to an increase in the volume of foreign direct investment. This phase was characterized by a significant increase in the number of multinational companies operating in China, such as: IBM, Pepsi Co, Samsung, General Motors, McDonald's and others, which contributed to the development of industrial infrastructure and the transfer of modern technology. The research also mentioned the challenges faced by these investments, such as weak intellectual property protection, administrative restrictions, high operating costs, domestic competition, and international trade tensions, especially with the U.S. It also discussed the impact of Chinese investments on neighboring countries such as Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand, which in turn began adopting similar policies to attract investments. In conclusion, the research shows that the period 1978-1992 was a pivotal one in China's economic history, laying the foundations for China's transformation into a global economic power, and proving that open reform policies and a stimulating investment environment are capable of achieving inclusive and sustainable economic growth.">This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the development of foreign investment in China between 1978 and 1992, when China began implementing a policy of economic and opening up reform following the December 1978 meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), led by Deng Xiaoping. This policy represented a radical shift in economic approach, as China moved from a closed, centralized economy to one that was open to the global market. Since 1979, the first law regulating foreign investment was passed and special economic zones were established in cities such as Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, and Xiamen, leading to an influx of foreign capital into the country. Between 1984 and 1988, China expanded these policies to include coastal areas and other large cities, increasing investment opportunities and opening up new sectors to foreign investors, especially light industry and electronics. In the early 1990s, specifically in 1992, with Deng Xiaoping's visit to southern China, the importance of continuing the openness policy was reemphasized, leading to an increase in the volume of foreign direct investment. This phase was characterized by a significant increase in the number of multinational companies operating in China, such as: IBM, Pepsi Co, Samsung, General Motors, McDonald's and others, which contributed to the development of industrial infrastructure and the transfer of modern technology. The research also mentioned the challenges faced by these investments, such as weak intellectual property protection, administrative restrictions, high operating costs, domestic competition, and international trade tensions, especially with the U.S. It also discussed the impact of Chinese investments on neighboring countries such as Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand, which in turn began adopting similar policies to attract investments. In conclusion, the research shows that the period 1978-1992 was a pivotal one in China's economic history, laying the foundations for China's transformation into a global economic power, and proving that open reform policies and a stimulating investment environment are capable of achieving inclusive and sustainable economic growth.
العلاقات المملوكية البيزنطية في كتاب تاريخ الدول والملوك لابن الفرات (ت 807 ه/ 1405 م)عهد الظاهر بيبرس (658_676ه/1260_1277م) انموذجاً
<a href="After the Mamluk state learned to unify the internal front of the Arab and Islamic world, it sought to gain the favor of the surrounding countries, in an attempt to establish the best political relations between it and those countries, because it was fully aware of the importance of the connection with those relations that were not at a uniform pace, and those relations also showed the political acumen that the Mamluk sultans followed in dealing with the emperors and kings of other countries, in which they placed the interest of their state in the first place in all political, economic and military aspects, and what they followed with those countries and powers and what was the nature of the relations that linked the two parties.">After the Mamluk state learned to unify the internal front of the Arab and Islamic world, it sought to gain the favor of the surrounding countries, in an attempt to establish the best political relations between it and those countries, because it was fully aware of the importance of the connection with those relations that were not at a uniform pace, and those relations also showed the political acumen that the Mamluk sultans followed in dealing with the emperors and kings of other countries, in which they placed the interest of their state in the first place in all political, economic and military aspects, and what they followed with those countries and powers and what was the nature of the relations that linked the two parties.
The Shift of the Qur’anic Lexeme from Its Conventional Meaning to Its Original Linguistic Denotation
<a href="This research seeks to investigate the Qur’anic lexeme, tracing its semantic stability from its conventional meaning to its linguistic origin. The study examines this semantic shift through a sufficient number of Qur’anic lexical items and identifies two primary patterns: the first is a complete shift of the lexeme toward the utmost degree of its core meaning, which we designate as “total deviation”; the second is a partial shift of the lexeme toward its linguistic root without fully reaching its utmost extent, which we refer to as “partial deviation.” This study’s focus provides valuable insights into the semantic implications of such shifts and enhances the understanding of the relationship between conventional meanings and lexical (dictionary) meanings within the Qur’anic vocabulary. Additionally, it offers a linguistic and analytical perspective on certain words that may be misinterpreted when encountered repeatedly in various contexts within the Qur’anic text.">This research seeks to investigate the Qur’anic lexeme, tracing its semantic stability from its conventional meaning to its linguistic origin. The study examines this semantic shift through a sufficient number of Qur’anic lexical items and identifies two primary patterns: the first is a complete shift of the lexeme toward the utmost degree of its core meaning, which we designate as “total deviation”; the second is a partial shift of the lexeme toward its linguistic root without fully reaching its utmost extent, which we refer to as “partial deviation.” This study’s focus provides valuable insights into the semantic implications of such shifts and enhances the understanding of the relationship between conventional meanings and lexical (dictionary) meanings within the Qur’anic vocabulary. Additionally, it offers a linguistic and analytical perspective on certain words that may be misinterpreted when encountered repeatedly in various contexts within the Qur’anic text.
العُدول، المعنى العُرفيّ، الأصل اللّغويّ
Itha (if) in Prophetic Hadith Qudsi: A Grammatical-Semantic Study
<a href="Some grammatical terms are defined by scholars in a way that makes the definition limited to a specific scope of usage. Other terms are defined so broadly that they can go beyond the limited scope to include various usages. The general definition is concerned with the individual aspect and is subject to the rules and regulations stipulated by the Arab. The specific definition refers to the meaning determined by a specific context; it is concerned with the structural aspect and is determined by the specific rules and regulations of the Arabs. One of the terms that has both a general and a specific definition is“Itha”; the general definition includes all forms of usage in various contexts: conditional, abrupt, adverbial and non-adverbial, and superfluous. The specific definition limits the usage to the conditional. In this research, we try to tackle the different forms of “itha” through a textual-grammatical study that assess the powers and potentials of (itha). This textual study tries not only to examine the usage and recurrence of this term in the text, but also to measure the power and impact of this particle. Considering “itha” as its subject matter, the study tries to provide an accurate definition with a tree branch of relevant concepts associated with the term and its components. Focusing on “itha” in Prophetic Hadith Qudsi is due to its frequent use in multiple forms in those texts. In addition, the study offers a semantic study of all forms of “itha” in the texts of Hadith Qudsi.">Some grammatical terms are defined by scholars in a way that makes the definition limited to a specific scope of usage. Other terms are defined so broadly that they can go beyond the limited scope to include various usages. The general definition is concerned with the individual aspect and is subject to the rules and regulations stipulated by the Arab. The specific definition refers to the meaning determined by a specific context; it is concerned with the structural aspect and is determined by the specific rules and regulations of the Arabs. One of the terms that has both a general and a specific definition is“Itha”; the general definition includes all forms of usage in various contexts: conditional, abrupt, adverbial and non-adverbial, and superfluous. The specific definition limits the usage to the conditional. In this research, we try to tackle the different forms of “itha” through a textual-grammatical study that assess the powers and potentials of (itha). This textual study tries not only to examine the usage and recurrence of this term in the text, but also to measure the power and impact of this particle. Considering “itha” as its subject matter, the study tries to provide an accurate definition with a tree branch of relevant concepts associated with the term and its components. Focusing on “itha” in Prophetic Hadith Qudsi is due to its frequent use in multiple forms in those texts. In addition, the study offers a semantic study of all forms of “itha” in the texts of Hadith Qudsi.
إذا – الظرفية – الدلالية - الأحاديث القدسية
External Linguistic Functions in Ibn Jinni’s Commentary
<a href="In this study, we will examine the external functions in Ibn Jinni’s commentary. External functions are defined as the pragmatic relationships that link the text to its broader context. These functions allow texts to be analyzed as dynamic, interactive entities subject to external influences. They include elements such as the topic (mubtada’), tail (dhayl), and vocative (munada’), which are key components used to define communicative relationships between texts and their recipients, while taking into account historical, cultural, and social dimensions. This research consists of an introduction, three main sections—the subject, the appendix, and the vocative—and a conclusion.">In this study, we will examine the external functions in Ibn Jinni’s commentary. External functions are defined as the pragmatic relationships that link the text to its broader context. These functions allow texts to be analyzed as dynamic, interactive entities subject to external influences. They include elements such as the topic (mubtada’), tail (dhayl), and vocative (munada’), which are key components used to define communicative relationships between texts and their recipients, while taking into account historical, cultural, and social dimensions. This research consists of an introduction, three main sections—the subject, the appendix, and the vocative—and a conclusion.
Russian–Ukrainian Relations from the Collapse of the Soviet Union to the Signing of the Minsk Agreement (1991–2014
<a href="This Research Deals With Russian-Ukrainian Relations From The Collapse Of The Soviet Union Until The Conclusion Of The Minsk Agreement (1991-2014), Highlighting Its Serious Consequences. Events Witnessed An Increasing Escalation, Especially After Russia Entered Ukrainian Territory, In A Move Aimed At Stopping Western Expansion. The Research Also Seeks To Provide A Comprehensive Vision Of The Crisis, Tracing Its Path From Its Beginnings, Explaining Its Causes, Most Important Stations And Developments, As Well As Its Repercussions. The Research Also Reviews The Importance Of Ukraine For Russia, As Well As Its Advantages, And What Is Known As The Curse Of Geography, Which Turned Its Blessing Into A Curse, And Plunged It Into The Conflict Of The Great Powers That Are Disputing And Disintegrating It Day After Day. The Research Is Divided Into An Introduction, Three Chapters, And A Conclusion. The First Chapter Deals With The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic And Its Position In The Soviet Union (1922-1991), While The Second Chapter Addresses The Political Relations Between The Republic Of Ukraine And Russia From The Collapse Of The Soviet Union Until The Conclusion Of The Minsk Agreement (1991-2014). The Third Chapter Explains The First Minsk Agreement And Its Impact. In Russian-Ukrainian Relations(2014).">This Research Deals With Russian-Ukrainian Relations From The Collapse Of The Soviet Union Until The Conclusion Of The Minsk Agreement (1991-2014), Highlighting Its Serious Consequences. Events Witnessed An Increasing Escalation, Especially After Russia Entered Ukrainian Territory, In A Move Aimed At Stopping Western Expansion. The Research Also Seeks To Provide A Comprehensive Vision Of The Crisis, Tracing Its Path From Its Beginnings, Explaining Its Causes, Most Important Stations And Developments, As Well As Its Repercussions. The Research Also Reviews The Importance Of Ukraine For Russia, As Well As Its Advantages, And What Is Known As The Curse Of Geography, Which Turned Its Blessing Into A Curse, And Plunged It Into The Conflict Of The Great Powers That Are Disputing And Disintegrating It Day After Day. The Research Is Divided Into An Introduction, Three Chapters, And A Conclusion. The First Chapter Deals With The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic And Its Position In The Soviet Union (1922-1991), While The Second Chapter Addresses The Political Relations Between The Republic Of Ukraine And Russia From The Collapse Of The Soviet Union Until The Conclusion Of The Minsk Agreement (1991-2014). The Third Chapter Explains The First Minsk Agreement And Its Impact. In Russian-Ukrainian Relations(2014).
الحرب الروسية- الأوكرانية، فلاديمير لينين، الثورة البرتقالية، جوزيف ستالين، الحزب الشيوعي.
Poetics of Stones in Examples of Early Islamic and Umayyad Eras poetry
<a href="Stones and rocks and their different cultural codes shed light on the philosophy of nature contemplation. The stones and rocks represented several connotations and affected the creative space of the poem. In a careful reading of the poetry of early Islamic and Umayyad eras poetry, we find the image of the stone in abundance, which raises a question about the relationship between the rock and the poet. The rocks, as it represents the power of nature, conveying its age, and the carrier of its mystery and secret. So, the stability and hardness of the rock constitute the meaning of “eternity”, “immortality”, “power”, “endurance” and other meanings of everlasting and permanence. The poet resorts to stones and rocks because of their natural properties and metaphorical connotations, from which we derive the culture of the poetic text and the poet’s relationship with the natural world, as well as the relationship between the spirituality of the text and the materiality of nature. Their impact was silent and noisy at the same time, as is life itself. Stones and rocks turned into historical books that preserve memories, the treasury of the spiritually restored past, and the lost paradise. The poet attended interrogating them as the faithful saving memory in a deep mythological relationship, complaining to them his suffering, fragility and weakness, as it represented an essential and sacred mediator between the self and the other, between the past and present, and the presence and absence.">Stones and rocks and their different cultural codes shed light on the philosophy of nature contemplation. The stones and rocks represented several connotations and affected the creative space of the poem. In a careful reading of the poetry of early Islamic and Umayyad eras poetry, we find the image of the stone in abundance, which raises a question about the relationship between the rock and the poet. The rocks, as it represents the power of nature, conveying its age, and the carrier of its mystery and secret. So, the stability and hardness of the rock constitute the meaning of “eternity”, “immortality”, “power”, “endurance” and other meanings of everlasting and permanence. The poet resorts to stones and rocks because of their natural properties and metaphorical connotations, from which we derive the culture of the poetic text and the poet’s relationship with the natural world, as well as the relationship between the spirituality of the text and the materiality of nature. Their impact was silent and noisy at the same time, as is life itself. Stones and rocks turned into historical books that preserve memories, the treasury of the spiritually restored past, and the lost paradise. The poet attended interrogating them as the faithful saving memory in a deep mythological relationship, complaining to them his suffering, fragility and weakness, as it represented an essential and sacred mediator between the self and the other, between the past and present, and the presence and absence.