Kitbuqa Noyan, the Mongol Commander: A Study of His Biography and Status Among Mongol Leaders

Abstract

Kitbuqa Noyan was one of the most prominent commanders of the Mongol army in the 7th/13th century. The sources—both Arabic and Mongolian—refer to him by several names. This study examines his personal life, social origins, leadership traits, and his adherence to Nestorian Christianity within the Mongol milieu. It also highlights the significant military positions he held, which earned him the trust of Hülegü Khan and enabled him to serve as his deputy in the Levant. The research further sheds light on Kitbuqa’s innovative methods of warfare, which relied on indirect siege tactics and the strategic use of economic and psychological pressures alongside military force. These methods contributed to his distinction as a key figure in the Mongol Empire’s expansion. His career ultimately came to an end at the Battle of ʿAyn Jālūt in 658 AH / 1260 CE, where he was killed and his son captured by the Mamluks