الخطاب الحجاجي في الخطب الطفية ( خطب زهير بن القين ، وبرير بن خضير ، والحر الرياحي)

Abstract

Argumentation represents one of the central concepts in discourse analysis, as it serves as a fundamental tool for persuasion and the construction of intellectual and emotional stances—particularly within religious and political speeches. This concept gains special significance when studying the Ṭaff speeches, as they embody meanings of protest and deep rhetorical implications through which the figures of Karbala articulate their visions and positions toward injustice and political deviation. Regardless of what has been said or continues to be said about the term “discourse” in linguistic approaches, modern poetics, or contemporary pragmatics, it ultimately possesses its own parameters and distinctive features that define its semantic identity apart from other terms in the Western terminological system. Despite differing views on how to present a unified understanding of the concept, some approaches have responded to the spirit of scientific inquiry by seeking to frame this broad notion—one that nearly reaches the level of open-ended concepts freely floating across various types of discourse. Argumentative discourse stands as one of the most prominent mechanisms of influence and persuasion in Arabic and Islamic rhetoric, distinguished by its capacity to guide opinions, construct stances, and affirm values within the consciousness of the audience. Arabs have been familiar with the art of argumentation since the pre-Islamic era; however, in the Islamic context, argumentation acquired deeper dimensions—doctrinal, ethical, and social—and reached its peak during the pivotal moments in the history of the Islamic nation