The Most Significant Risks Faced by Pilgrims from the Eastern Islamic World (132–656 A.H

Abstract

Pilgrims from the Eastern Islamic world encountered a range of risks and obstacles during their pilgrimage. These challenges stemmed from both political and natural causes. Politically, the pilgrims faced threats from the Qarmatians, bandits, and thieves, as well as sectarian conflicts. Natural disasters also posed significant risks, including thirst, drought, cold, rain, snow, and earthquakes, all of which were influenced by climate factors impacting the pilgrims' journey